A operating system mainly acts as an intermediary between the resources of the computer and the running applications. Those operating systems that best suited the server requirements began to be called server operating systems. Here is a journey through the beginnings of operating systems, the first representatives in server environments, and the preferred server operating systems by users today.
### From text-based user interfaces to complex program systems
In 1974, Gary Kildall released the CP/M operating system on floppy disk, which would become the first computer operating system for home use. Unlike Unix, which was used in specialized applications in universities and research institutes, CP/M featured a standardized hardware interface through the BIOS, allowing its use on different equipment. Through the CCP command line interpreter, the system could receive and execute user commands.
CP/M served as a model for a system concept that, in the following years, would become a dominant administrative solution. For a long time, DOS was not a single operating system, but a concept adapted by different providers. Later, MS-DOS from Windows appeared, which would play a crucial role in many versions of Microsoft’s operating system until Windows 98.
In 1984, with the release of the Apple Macintosh, the operating system received a graphical interface that could be operated with a mouse. This breakthrough followed the launch of Lisa OS on the Apple Lisa in 1983, although the latter did not achieve great commercial success due to its high price.
### Windows leads the desktop computers, Linux dominates the server environment
In 1993, Microsoft introduced Windows NT 3.1 as a server operating system, marking a response to Apple’s solutions. Although Windows NT did not initially gain a strong market position, its kernel served as the basis for future versions of Windows, including Windows 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10.
Meanwhile, Linux emerged as a Unix-inspired alternative for servers. The Linux kernel, released under the GNU free use license in 1992, facilitated its adoption and made it an interesting system for many developers. Over time, various Linux distributions such as Yggdrasil, Linux, or Slackware were developed, offering complete and cost-free operating systems.
Linux, with its excellent rights management and system administration, became the favorite of many server administrators, especially for web development, a trend that continues to this day.
### The current state of server operating systems
Today, the Internet is the stage for a wide range of web projects, all backed by servers that run and are managed thanks to operating systems. Before choosing an operating system for your server, it is crucial to decide whether you will manage the hosting environment yourself or rely on a provider.
#### Windows Server
Windows Server, based on the Microsoft NT series, remains a major competitor in the realm of server operating systems. Hardware drivers are often available more quickly for Windows Server than for Linux. However, Windows Server tends to be more vulnerable to malware and other security risks.
#### Debian
Debian stands out for its stability and security, being one of the most robust server operating systems. Its package management with Dpkg and APT, and its compatibility with various processor architectures, make it a versatile choice for individuals and professionals.
#### Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)
RHEL, designed to meet the needs of enterprises, is characterized by its stability and extensive support. Each version enjoys more than 10 years of support, making it ideal for business environments. Although it is a commercial system, its free alternative, CentOS, offers many of its advantages.
#### BSD Systems
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) systems are another popular option in the server field. Derived from the Unix system, they are known for their robustness and stability. Among the most used BSD systems are FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD.
##### FreeBSD
FreeBSD is famous for its performance and ability to handle high workloads. It is a popular choice for web servers, mail servers, and network storage systems.
##### OpenBSD
OpenBSD focuses on security and cryptography. It is recognized for its rigorous approach to code security and the inclusion of advanced cryptography tools.
##### NetBSD
NetBSD is known for its portability and ability to function on a wide variety of hardware, from servers to embedded devices.
### Server Operating Systems Comparison
Below is a comparative table of the most popular server operating systems:
| Feature | Windows Server | Debian | Red Hat Enterprise Linux | FreeBSD | OpenBSD | NetBSD |
|———|—————|——–|————————–|———|———|——–|
| Website | microsoft.com | debian.org | redhat.com | freebsd.org | openbsd.org | netbsd.org |
| Developer | Microsoft | Debian Project | Red Hat | The FreeBSD Project | The OpenBSD Project | The NetBSD Project |
| First version | 2003 | 1993 | 2002 | 1993 | 1996 | 1993 |
| Origin | Windows NT | Linux | Red Hat Linux / Fedora | BSD Unix | BSD Unix | BSD Unix |
| Paid | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Standard user interface | ModernUI | – | GNOME | – | – | – |
| Update interval | – | Approx. 24 months | 6-12 months | 6-12 months | 6-12 months | 6-12 months |
| Long-term support | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Standard package management | OneGet (current versions) | Dpkg, APT | RPM, yum | pkg | pkg_add | pkgsrc |
In conclusion, the choice between these operating systems depends on the specific needs of your project and your personal preferences. Linux remains the leader in the server environment thanks to its flexibility and security, while Windows Server offers a familiar environment for Microsoft users. On the other hand, BSD systems are valued for their stability and security, being a solid option for many server applications.