Penetration tests, also known as pentests or penetration testing, are a crucial tool for assessing the security of networks, systems, and applications. Through these tests, it is possible to identify vulnerabilities and security flaws that could be exploited by attackers. But, how are these tests conducted and what do they entail for network security?
What is a pentest?
In the field of computer science, a penetration test is a methodology used to simulate attacks on a network, individual devices, or applications with the goal of discovering and evaluating vulnerabilities. These tests replicate various attack patterns using tools and techniques based on known methods. The typical components subjected to a pentest include:
– Network coupling elements: routers, switches, ports.
– Security ports: firewalls, packet filters, antivirus programs, load balancers, IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems), IPS (Intrusion Prevention Systems).
– Servers: web, databases, files.
– Telecommunication equipment.
– Web applications.
– Infrastructure facilities: access control mechanisms.
– Wireless networks: WLAN, Bluetooth.
Types of pentests
Pentests are classified into three main categories:
– Black box testing: the pentester only knows the address of the target network or system.
– White box testing: the pentester has complete knowledge of the systems to be tested, including IP addresses, software, and hardware used.
– Gray box testing: combine elements of black box and white box testing, analyzing scenarios that may include internal information about the network.
How to conduct a pentest
To carry out an effective pentest, it is necessary to follow a series of steps and use various specialized tools.
Requirements for pentests
Defining a clear concept is fundamental. You must establish the components to be tested, the duration of the tests, and ensure that you have all the necessary tools. If the pentest is carried out by an external party through white box testing, you must provide detailed information about the network and systems involved.
Tools for a pentest
The most important tools include:
– Port scanning: detects open ports on a system.
– Vulnerability scanner: search for security gaps and misconfigurations.
– Sniffer: analyzes data traffic on the network.
– Packet generators: simulate data traffic.
– Password crackers: attempt to obtain insecure passwords.
Among the most popular collections of tools for pentests is Kali Linux, a Linux distribution specializing in computer security.
Pentest process
The pentest process is divided into several phases:
– Network concept verification: identifies inconsistencies or vulnerabilities in the network design.
– Hardening measures testing: evaluates the effectiveness of the protection measures implemented.
– Search for known vulnerabilities: quickly identifies vulnerable applications and systems.
– Selective use of exploits: verifies if vulnerabilities can be exploited using specific scripts.
All steps and results of the pentest should be thoroughly documented to facilitate evaluation and security improvement.
Advantages and disadvantages of pentests
Advantages:
– Review systems in more depth than a common security check.
– Verify the interaction of individual components.
– An external pentester provides an additional and objective perspective.
– Professional pentesters act similarly to real attackers.
Disadvantages:
– External tester gains access to internal network information.
– There is a risk of causing irreparable damage during the test.
– Pentests offer an instant assessment and should not replace continuous security measures.
Conclusion
Pentests are an essential tool to ensure computer security. Although they present certain risks and limitations, their ability to identify and evaluate vulnerabilities in detail makes them an indispensable component of any security strategy.