In Spain, frequency bands constitute the essential framework for mobile communications, enabling the transmission of signals necessary for making calls and data connections. These bands are allocated to operators through public auctions and concessions, and their management determines how the capacities of 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks are distributed.
Main Frequency Bands in Spain
Frequency bands in Spain are identified by their range in megahertz (MHz) and each one is intended for different generations of mobile technology:
700 MHz: Also known as band 28, this band is crucial for the deployment of 5G. It was released after the second digital dividend, and is currently divided among Movistar, Vodafone, and Orange, with 20 MHz assigned to each. This band ranges from 703 MHz to 788 MHz.
800 MHz: Known as band 20, it is essential for 4G, especially in rural areas due to its extensive coverage. The band ranges from 790 MHz to 862 MHz, and is equally divided among Movistar, Vodafone, and Orange, with 20 MHz each.
900 MHz: Used for 2G and 3G, this band is also starting to be enabled for 4G in rural areas. Movistar has the largest portion of this band, with 29.6 MHz, while Vodafone and Orange have 20 MHz each. The band extends from 880 MHz to 960 MHz.
1500 MHz: Although not auctioned in Spain, this band is identified as key for increasing capacity in the downlink. It ranges from 1452 MHz to 1492 MHz.
1800 MHz: Mainly used for 4G, this band, also known as band 3, ranges from 1710 MHz to 1880 MHz. Movistar, Vodafone, and Orange have 20 MHz each, while Yoigo has 14.8 MHz.
2100 MHz: Known as band 1, it is crucial for 3G and is also used for 4G and 5G in some areas. This band ranges from 1900 MHz to 2170 MHz and is evenly distributed among Movistar, Vodafone, Orange, and Yoigo, with 20 MHz each.
2600 MHz: Exclusive for 4G LTE, this band ranges from 2500 MHz to 2690 MHz. It is divided among several operators, with Vodafone standing out for using 20 MHz national TDD.
3500 MHz: Key for 5G, this band ranges from 3400 MHz to 3800 MHz. Orange has the largest allocation with 110 MHz, while Movistar, Vodafone, and Yoigo have 100 MHz, 90 MHz, and 80 MHz respectively.
26000 MHz (26 GHz): Known as the millimeter band, this band is a priority for 5G, offering speeds of up to 10 Gbps. The concession for this band was granted in December 2022, with Movistar, Orange, and Vodafone obtaining different spectrum blocks. This band will extend up to 26 GHz.
evolution and reorganization of the bands
Frequencies are granted for periods that can reach up to 40 years, as in the case of the 700 MHz, to maximize return on investment. In addition, the National Frequency Allocation Table (CNAF) regulates how these bands are used for different technologies, from 1G to 5G.
How frequencies are configured and changed
Modern mobile phones usually automatically select the best available frequency, but in cases of low coverage, users may need to manually adjust the network settings. This can be done by accessing the phone’s network settings and selecting the desired frequency or choosing the automatic option.
Megahertz (MHz)
Megahertz bands for mobile services are segments of the radio frequency spectrum used to transmit mobile phone signals and data through radio waves. These bands are defined in terms of frequency and each has specific characteristics that affect their performance and application.
Frequency Bands in MHz
Definition: Megahertz frequency bands (MHz) are ranges of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum used for mobile communication signal transmission. It is measured in megahertz, where 1 MHz equals 1 million cycles per second.
Radio Frequency Spectrum: The radio frequency spectrum is the range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum used for signal transmission through the air. This spectrum is regulated to avoid interference and ensure that different types of services can operate efficiently.
Characteristics of Frequency Bands
Wavelength: Frequency bands are related to the wavelength of signals. Lower frequencies (e.g., 700 MHz) have longer wavelengths, allowing better penetration into buildings and greater coverage in extensive areas. Higher frequencies (e.g., 26000 MHz) have shorter wavelengths, allowing for higher data transmission speeds but with shorter range and penetration.
Capacity and Coverage: Lower frequencies (700-900 MHz) are ideal for broad coverage and indoor penetration, while mid-range frequencies (1500-2600 MHz) offer a balance between coverage and data capacity. Higher frequencies (3500 MHz and above) allow for high data transmission speeds but have limited coverage and penetration.
Use of Bands in Mobile Services
2G (GPRS/EDGE): Uses frequencies like 900 MHz and 1800 MHz to transmit calls and text messages.
3G (UMTS/HSPA): Utilizes bands like 900 MHz and 2100 MHz to offer faster data speeds and enhanced capabilities compared to 2G.
4G (LTE): Operates in bands like 800 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2600 MHz, among others. It offers much higher data speeds and performance in mobile networks.
5G: Uses low bands like 700 MHz for broad coverage, mid bands like 3500 MHz for high speed and capacity, and high bands like 26000 MHz for extremely fast speeds but with limited range.
Impact on Users and Future of 5G
The deployment of 5G in Spain mainly uses frequency bands of 700 MHz, 1500 MHz, 3500 MHz, and 26000 MHz, each designed to offer different speeds and coverage capacities. The combination of these bands will allow users to experience speeds of up to 10 Gbps and significantly reduced latency, transforming the mobile communication experience in the country.
It is also worth noting that in Spain, in addition to the major operators, we have a multitude of MVNOs that also distribute mobile phones and capture a good portion of the market such as Digi, LCRcom (IONmobile), Grupo Aire, Avatel, FiNetwork, among others.
In summary, the frequency bands map in Spain is essential to understand how mobile telephony services are distributed and how they affect the quality of connection and coverage in different areas of the country.